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The civil war concerning the Lê-Trịnh and Mạc dynasties led to 1592, when the army of Trịnh Tùng conquered Hanoi and executed king Mạc Mậu Hợp. Survivors on the Mạc royal family members fled towards the northern mountains within the province of Cao Bằng and continued to rule there until 1677 when Trịnh Tạc conquered this very